lean 生產方式

principles

precisely specify value by specific product

identify the value stream for each product

make value flow without interruptions

let customer pull value from the producer

pursue perfection

principles

Value: Specify the value desired by the customer. "Form a team for each product to stick with that product during its entire production cycle", "Enter into a dialogue with the customer" (e.g. Voice of the customer)

The Value Stream: Identify the value stream for each product providing that value and challenge all of the wasted steps (generally nine out of ten) currently necessary to provide it

Faulty goods (manufacturing of goods or services that do not meet customer demand or specifications, Womack et al., 2003. See Lean services)

Waste of skills (Six Sigma)

Under-utilizing capabilities (Six Sigma)

Delegating tasks with inadequate training (Six Sigma)

Metrics (working to the wrong metrics or no metrics) (Mika Geoffrey, 1999)

Participation (not utilizing workers by not allowing them to contribute ideas and suggestions and be part of Participative Management) (Mika Geoffrey, 1999)

Computers (improper use of computers: not having the proper software, training on use and time spent surfing, playing games or just wasting time) (Mika Geoffrey, 1999)

Flow: Make the product flow continuously through the remaining value-added steps

Pull: Introduce pull between all steps where continuous flow is possible

Perfection: Manage toward perfection so that the number of steps and the amount of time and information needed to serve the customer continually falls

lean software 開發

principles

Eliminate waste

Partially done work

Extra features

Relearning

Task switching

Waiting

Handoffs

Defects

Management activities

Amplify learning

Decide as late as possible

Deliver as fast as possible

Empower the team

Build integrity in

Optimize the whole